History of Montana. 1739-1885 : A history of its discovery and settlement, social and commercial progress, mines and miners, agriculture and stock-growing, churches, schools and societies, Indians and Indian wars, vigilantes, courts of justice, newspaper (2025)

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IN mPI' fl.,~,. 1 ,1 •[...].... . 112 Mining centers in 1884. . . . . . . ............. .[...]

Business circle in 1878-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]PAGE.
Historical items too late for inserting in chapters. 1366 Sketch of J. W. Whitlatch .[...]

In 1873 Captain Farquhar was relieved from duty at h[...]pon the survey of the north line of Montana early in the latter year, com-
pleting the work Augus[...]hard-worked miner to a walk into the
valley. In later years, however, .the location of town sites[...]rule rather than the exception, so that now, as in the case of Glendive, villages are found
with[...]s and villages of
the Territory are set forth in the following table:-
Argenta ...............[...]geographical positions of many points referred to in the general history, as well as
in that of the counties, are given in the subjoined list:-
PLACES.[...]fford-
ing a good supply of the purest water. In the midst of summer, breezes from the moun-
tains sweep over each town in cooling waves, and when the sun begins to set bey[...]nights are cool, and the mosquito, so industrious in less favored regions, follows
the sun to the[...]The names given to the centers of settlement in Montana are :-Glendive, Tlie East
Gate City;[...]y. The name of the territory indicates what it is in real-
ity-Q,,i,ntry ef_ tlie Moitln(C!?·1 (?[...]prosperity of the Territory, claim a first p"'-Ce in the natural economy of

river runs through the most beautiful valley in the west. It takes its rise northeast of St.
Ign[...]rthwest of Missoula City. The Big Blackfoot rises in the main range, just
north of the 4 7th parallel[...]Lewis and Clarke and Deer Lodge counties,
flows in a westerly course, and enters the Hellgate river[...], beginning west of the
Big Blackfoot and flowing in a northwesterly course to a point east of the hea[...]k is a rapid stream, 20 to 25 yards wide, flowing in a tortuous course
northwest to Hellgate river, wh[...]he settlement called Pineland. .Flint
creek rises in the southern part of Deer Lodge county, flows in a northeasterly course, and
enters the Deer Lodge[...]er, complete the list of rivers, creeks and lakes in the north-
western portion of the Territory.[...]of this immense country can be considered wanting in rivers or
streams.
The Missouri assume[...]

show steep sides, 100 feet or more in height, with the appearance of stratified layers in a
horizontal position. The effusion of the basalt[...]sent elevation. Hence, we find points of effusion in numerous localities. The igneous
lavas flowed out in layers, and inasmuch as a considerable amount of[...]f the local
drift on the high mountain sides.
In Dr. Hayden's report of January, 1872, he states,[...]all the ridges east of the Rocky Mountain divide, in Beaverhead county, and that is the
evidence from[...]he Stinking Water and Sweet Water creeks presents in many places
a porphyric formation of great height, and as unique in abruptness as such rocks are, and
showing beyond[...]over the gneiss strata filled
up all interstices in the slanting, broken surface of the quartzite rock, in just the same man-
ner as a mass of molten lead would fill in and bind the inequalities and atoms of such a
con[...]t.
The silicified wood that is found occasionally in these deposits, is more beautiful than any I
have[...]tion. It is pure silica, and must have been aided in
its silification by proximity to hot springs. Portions of it look like opal or fine chalcedony,
and in some portions the rings of growth are well shown.[...]ains west and north of the
Mystic Lake gorge rise in cones to an elevation above the valleys, of from[...]ic
eruptions, some ancient and some modern, while in the valleys the shattered rock tell the
history o[...]71.)
The valley of the Gallatin varies little in its origin from that of other valleys through-
ou[...]eft its
marks, and these marks are to-day visible in the pliocene hills around Fort Ellis, Bozeman,
Ga[...]found high up on
the sides of the Belt mountains. In the geological report of 1872, it is stated that in the
Flathead Pass, Bridger and Bozeman Passes, the limestones are remarkably well shown, in
some instances inclming 80 degrees, with t[...]

in knife-like edges, and som~times running up into s[...]theatres come together. They are nearly horseshoe in shape. From the
Pass there are in full view ten or twelve high peaks, often running[...]ward, a great mass of
snow-covered mountains were in view, and below these summits was seen a true glacier,
having a frontage of at least a mile, and in somerlaces a face es;timated at 500 feet in height.
From underneath this glacier flows a stre[...]with the Indian guide penetrated the amphitheatre in which this glacier lies, an<l
counted twenty-two cascades over 500 feet in height, besides seeing many smaller ones.
The sid[...]ass, and with care it was not difficult to cross. In descending
the eastern side of the mountains the[...]Pass to be of a more varied character and grander in every respect.
The summit of the Pass was found t[...]al Montana from the pen of 0. 0. Mortson
(written in 1875, and published in Contributions, Vol. 1, 1876, qf the Historical Society qf
.Montana) are complete in their delineations of geological conformations, a[...]1867 to
the period when his paper was concluded, in April, 1875. Mr. Mortson casts aside the great
ge[...]Powell, and others, have been more con-
servative in their division of geological epochs. The elaborat[...]le or nothing unsaid, which
their science reveals in the Rocky mountain region. Many others, citizens[...]region.
The list of minerals and rocks, known in the economy of geology, produced by Montana,
comprises almost every known class, and forms in itself, with a few additions, one of the
best tes[...]atural riches of the Territory. The list is given in the report of
the geological surveyor (Hayden, 18[...]elonging to certain localities are found to
exist in every oounty of Montana. This statement is borne[...]he U. S.
Assayer at Helena for 1879, particularly in his references to the growth of quartz mining
in gold and silver, and the opening of new and rich[...]out the extent and character of mineral deposits in the region
of the Little Belt and west of the Mai[...]eological Survey of the Territories was organized in 1867 under au-
thority of Congress, when Dr. F. V. Hayden was commissioned Chief Geologist. In 1871 the
survey of the Yellowstone and portions o[...]ress. So great
an interest did this report excite in the minds of the people and in Congress that this latter
body was induced to set[...]e-engraved. Extracts from the report were printed in every language of Europe, so
that our great national park is now known to every civilized nation in the world. In the
summer of 1872 the survey was again extended into that country. The seasons of 1873 and
1874 were passed in Colorado; again in the North, and so on until now the geologist con-

in advance generally of the miss10naries. They led t[...]ly saw or did. But slight mention is made of them in the Relations, where,
as much as possible, their presence and doings are kept in the background.
The narratives of the India[...]he
southern shore of Lake Superior, but perished in the forest by starvation or the tomahawk.
Thorou[...]n and Algonquin at his
command, this missionary, in endeavoring to establish the Cross so far to the[...]a large bay upon
the southern shore of the lake, in all probability what is now known as Keweenaw. There,
however, he met with little success in founding a mission. He subsequently determined to[...]urned, encountering still greater diffi-
culties in ascending the river. These Frenchmen were, doubtless, in their perilous journey,
many times upon what is[...]st from his com-
panions, who sought for him, but in vain. It seems that, while his attendant was employed
in transporting a canoe, Father Mesnard accidentally[...]on, Donne John
Guerin, reached the Huron village in· safety. There was not, at that time, another mi[...]surrounding the establishment of a mission so far in the western wilds? With
better hopes, undismayed[...]nd to fatigue and privations by night and by day,
in August, 16ti5, Father Claude Allouez embarked on a mission, by way of the Ottawa, to
the far West. Early in September, he reached the rapids through which th[...]sents a spectacle of magnificence rarely
excelled in the rugged scenery of the North. He passed the lo[...]e, which for twelve miles rise three hundred feet in height, fretted by the
chafing waves into arches[...]ting the forests which he claimed for a Christian king. Sailing
beyond the Bay of St. Theresa (so[...]

J·onquierre,-Lamarque de Marin in charge of the Missouri division and Jacques Lagar[...]ch success, but the results were beneficial;
for, in both instances, men of each command remained in the country. One party succeeded
ju establishing[...]eam was the Red
river, but acknowledged his error in his account. Major Long, in his map of 1820, gives
this stream, called the Ye[...]orth Fork of the Platte
river. Pike was a General in the war of 1812 with Great Britain. He was killed[...], which was then to them an unknown wilder-
ness. In January, 1803, the President's message to Cono-re[...]seen the act they passed, which, though expressed in general terms, was meant to sanc-
tion those obje[...]ith such aids as the Secretary of ·War can yield in his department; and
from him also you will receiv[...]r, are invested with all the powers the laws give in such a case. The object of your
mission is to exp[...]ation; and the course of that water to the
ocean, in the same manner as that of _the Missouri.[...]

the Columbia with Mr. Henry in 1810. On July 17, eighty horses were purchased fr[...]n its banks at the foot of the Big Horn mountain. In April, 1812, they
reached the banks of the Columbia, met Stewart and company in May, he having been
robbed by a band of villains[...]the Crows. The Sublette and Bridger parties came in 1807.
Emanuel Lisa built a temporary post on the Yellowstone, near Tullock's river, about 1807,
and in 1809 built the house and stockade known as Lisa's[...]left the region after
the erection of this post. In 1822 the Ashley Post was built on the Yellowstone; ten years
later, in 1832, Fort Union was erected by Alexander Culbert[...]aptain Bonneville's expedition of 1832-6 resulted in his personal review of the Y el-
lowstone. He mo[...]embers of Captain Bonneville's party who remained in the mountains for six years after
the return of[...]rip, came to the Bannack camp on Green river late in the
fall of 1849. They fixed µp wmter quarters a[...]fact).
The report of this party made quite a stir in St. Louis, and a party organized there the
next w[...]ross the country to the Yellowstone, and they lay in camp on
Shield's river for two months, and were n[...]get away with their horses. The Indians succeeded in
capturing eight head, but had two of their warriors killed in the act. Not wishing to be
cleaned up entirely, t[...]icles).
Maximilian, once Emperor of Mexico, in his Travels in JYorth America (1843, p. 332)
refers to the white[...]to convey a true idea of nature's eccentricities in
this particular.
E xplorations 185'2-1854.-The era of government exploration was introduced in 1852.
The party in Captain McClellan's engineers began at For[...]

says, that in 1860, the old mountaineer, Bridger, triumphantl_y[...]long." There Captain B. L. E. Bonneville was lost in 1833, and even until very recentl_y
the natural o[...]on of this eccentric Irishman is due
his presence in Montana; to his extravagant hospitality he owed h[...]hile fra-
ternizing with the aborigines. However, in his expedition were men who failed not to take
more interest in the country than curiosity alone could incite, an[...]t of Sir George Gore. He was a resident of Sligo, in Ireland,
and is now about sixty years of age, and in 1875 made a trip to the everglades of :Florida.
IIe seems to have had no other purpose in his western journey than pleasure, and to justify[...]g the winter of 1855-56. The party left St. Louis in 1854, and journeyed to Fort Lara-
mie, on the or[...]which there, at that early time,
almost rivaled in their profusion those of the valleys of the Yello[...]t that early time excelled that of any other fort in the West, and
the wild hunters, trappers, trader[...]nd the Indians, the winter sped pleasantly away.
In the spring his animals were recuperated, and he a[...]ead of the Rose Bud river, to ,Volf mount-
ain, in search of an immense Crow camp of which they had[...]nd, he, with his crews, descended the Yellowstone in safety.
Arriving at Fort Union, then a trading-post of the American Fur Company, in cbarge
of :Major Alexander Culbertson, he agre[...]to the terms of the bargain, and he fancied that, in his remoteness from
man, the company wa[...]

range, and meeting with bad luck in killing small game (which is usually the case whe[...]rdships, they finally got through to North Platte in a
famishing condition. It was doubtless the inten[...]horses were killed, and five more wounded,
while in the tents two men were mortally, two badly, and t[...]ed too high. I could not fire for the horses were in the way. I shouted
for some one to tear down the[...]a second time.
York rushed out and tore them down in an instant. I then ordered all who were able to t[...]resented a dreadful sight. C. D. Watkins was shot in the ri~ht
temple, and the ball came out at the le[...]l breathing, but insensible. E. Bostwick
was shot in five different places-once in back part of shoulder, shattering the slioulder-blade, but the ball did not
come out in front; three balls passed through the right thigh[...]ust grazing the breast-bone. H. T. Geery was shot in the
left shoulder-blade with an arrow, but not dangerously hurt. George Ives was shot in the hip with a ball-a flesh
wound. S. T. Hauser in the left breast with a ball, which passed through a thick memorandum-book in his shirt
pocket, and stopped against a rib over[...]as alive and sensible, but gradually failing, and in great agony. With
noble generosity he insisted on[...]d with him, and which, he said, would only result in all of us falling victims to
the fiendish savages[...]blown out his brains. Oh, noble soul! May you sit in judgment on
your murderers on that great Last Day[...]. Very rough mountain all the day; had difficulty in getting through the snow. After going five
miles[...]ring his shoulder, and giving him a mortal
wound. In spite of our united entreaties, he shortly after[...], and plenty of rattlesnakes. Went out with
Blake in search of a place to cross the canon; but failing[...]e extra amunition was packed on a mule and placed in the rear in York's charge. He was armed
with Bell's shot-gun,[...]ed to kill the animal as soon as the firing began in front, so that our ammunition
could not be[...]

the Verendrye exploratory party, and in our own times they failed not to afford a specimen of
their handiwork in the Minnesota massacre of 1862-3, and in the Ouster massacre of 1876,
and later still in the various murders credited to them. What has be[...]red to its civilized citizens, and far exceeding, in their material provisions,
anything which reason[...]Sioux ef the Broad-leaf, and the Sioux who Shoot in tlie Pine Tops.
The treaty with the Mandans, whic[...]allon, February 6, 1826, binding the band to live in amity with the government.
The treaty of amity wi[...]ceded to the United States a
large parcel of land in the neighborhood of Lake Pepin, in consideration of which cession
they were to have[...]ris, Omahas and Yankton and Santee bands of Sioux in the
treaty of Prairie du Chien, July 15, 1830. Co[...]Upper Medawakauton tribes of the Sioux nation met in convent10n at St. Peters,
November 30, 1836, and agreed to the cession of territory stipulated for in the treaty of
Prairie du Chien, July 15, 1830. Th[...]nnesota, August 5, 1851, by which all their lands in Minne-
sota and Iowa were ceded, in consideration of various payments amounting to $1[...]eir annuity rights. They ceded, also, all islands in the Missouri from the mouth of
the Big Sio[...]

up the subject again, and in a letter dated Virginia City, March 12, 1866, bri[...]and Fort
Union, where the interests of business, in which the Territory is greatly concerned, require[...]s was made known, and the following letter
placed in the hands of Governor Meagher, from John N. Bozem[...]tana. We have
1·eliable reports here that we are in imminent danger of hostile Indians, and if there[...]n, there will be but few men and no families left in the Gallatin valley. Men, women and children are[...]apper and hunter of the mountains, created a
stir in government circles, and whatever little life existed in the military department
showed itself within the[...]ral Orcler No. 1.-Colonel Walter DeLacy, eugineer-in-chief, having reported to this office for duty, i[...]r-General Thomas 'l'horoughman, commanding forces in the field at Bozeman
City, for assignment to duty. As soon as his duties in this city will permit, Captain Isaac Evans, Assis[...]report to Brigadier-General Thoroughman for duty in the field.
VIRIGINIA CITY, April 4, 1867.[...]avel we reached the Yellowstone and
journeyed on in safety until the 20th inst., when, in our noon camp, about seven miles this side of the[...]shoot, the Indian fired, the ball tak-
ing effect in Bozeman's right breast, passing completely throug[...]but did
not fire, when another shot taking effect in the left breast, brought poor Bozeman to the grou[...]working, I stepped
back slowly, trying to fix it, in which I succeeded, after retreating, say fifty pa[...]Indians a ~bot or two as I fell back. I remained in the willows about an hour,
when I saw the Indians[...]w was out of all earthly trouble. The redmen were in too much of a hurry to scalp him, or even
to take his watch-the latter I brought in. * * * A party started out on yesterday to bring in Bozeman's remains.[...]67.
The murder of Mr. Lowe on the Benton Road, in April, 1867, and the assault upon
Mr. and[...]

pressed. forward, and in the afternoon of the 30th ar-rive<l. at Stillwate[...], the
leader of the rebels, had attached to him in the first instance, only about sixty remained, the
rest having started off in small bodies on their own hook, or returned to th[...]Claims 1867.-The legislature adopted resolutions in 1868 and 1869, setting forth
the claims of the[...]s drew forth from congress a fair recogni-
tion in 1873, when $513,343 were appropriated. Of this su[...], was the murder of an old settler-Malcolm Clark, in 1869, and the failure of
the tribe to surrender the murderers. Never in the v,,hole history of U.S. law was the
cause o[...]an indictment against them for murder obtained
in regular form. Accompanying this :finding of the g[...]atement of
the uncertainty of property and life in the settlements, and a request that th0 authorities
would aid the people in seeking justice and protection. This declaration[...]some nine or ten citizens who httve been murdered in cold blood by them. Over 300 head of stock have b[...]he Piegans, Bloods, and Blackfeet, who all talk
In the same language and constitute the Blackfeet Na[...]heir women and children north of Mont-
ana, and in that country have procured ammunition and improve[...]we are entitled, as we have left homes of comfort in the East
10 plant civilization in the wilderness. It is evidence that the "Pend'Ore[...]last and took their horses to their camp.
In none of these cases of murder and theft have the[...]essarily scattered along the valleys, or isolated in mining camps and gulches, and hence are exposed t[...]ry to give us full protection, or, if
the means in their hands are not adequate, that they will repr[...]69, is vari-
. ously estimated. Gen. Alfred Sully in his report, gives 227, including 30 mules[...]

an official investigation." In this manner the war against the Piegans was closed, and the
first great lesson in good manners taught the savages of this territory[...]the beautiful valleys which they then possessed. In May of that year the warriors of
the tribe descended on the settlers in the Willowla valley, giving up to the tomahawk an[...]oot Indians, and by July 23 had actually appeared in fighting force outside Captain
Rawn's encampment in Lo Lo Pass. Then began that earnest organization[...]ould
oppose them, and if necessary aid the whites in the annihilation of his tribe. The action
of the Flatheads was in concert with that of the white citizens, and when[...]ees were
all d_esirous of passing through Montana in an orderly manner, without int~rfering with
the l[...]people.
The narrative of this exciting event in the history of Montana is taken from the New
North West of August 10, 1877. '' In the issue of July 28 we published the presence of Ohief
Joseph, White Bird and Looking Glass in Lo Lo canon with 330 hostiles, the intrenchment
of Captain Rawn of the 7th Infantry and a volunteer force in the canon, his call for more
troops, and the fact[...]dge over thirty
men saddled their horses and went in haste to Missoula, many left for other poi[...]

forces in :Montana had been ordered to treat all Indians co[...]-
' log rifle-pits extending acro<:s the trail in Lo Lo canon, down which it was deemed certain[...]those of the
Indians, the latter persisting in their disposition to pass peaceably, and the form[...], for some unknown reason, were willing to grant. In the meantime General
McDowell had ordered Ho[...]nd his despatches intimated he
was comina up in their rear. On the 27th of July there were fully 200 men in the rifle pits,
three-fourtis of whom were v[...]and prevent that result. The governor acquiesced in this plan,
a,nd issued his proclamation on J[...]g for prompt assistance. With every horse and man in
service this letter had been started from Mi[...]riving- there it seemed the proclamation
was in the express box, which could not be opened, and.[...].A. M. Saturday. The express box was opened, but in it were no
signs of the proclamation; yet th[...]fighting man at Missoula. At once began the most in-
tense excitement. It surpassed for the next[...]ge on Saturday, and with it the news of the peril in Missoula
county, when W. A. Clark, the banker[...]centres of population round the Silver City, and in
an incredibly snort space of time a war council was in session. In an hour Company A was
sworn in; Company B began its organization and completed i[...]any C was organized before midnight-all resulting in giving a fighting corps 150
strong to[...]

mental officers, were with his command in July, 1876: First-Lieutenant W.W. Cook, Adju-
ta[...]t 11 o'clock that night, the column was again put in motion,
turning from the Rosebud to the right up[...]Rosebud and the Little Big Horn. About 2 o'clock in the
morning of June 25th, the column halted for a[...]march, crossed the divide, and by 8 o'clock were in the valley of one of the branches .of
the Little[...]t, Benteen off still further to
the left, and not in sight. About 11 o'clock Reno's troops crossed the[...]om all directions, Reno took position, dismounted in
the eclo-e of some timber which afforded shelter[...]er, and gained the bluffs upon the opposite side. In his charge First-Li eutenant
Donald McIntosh and[...]. M. DeWolfe, were killed. Reno's force succeeded in reaching the
top of the bluff, but with a loss of[...]under Reno's command, and numbered about
380 men, in addition to their officers. Meanwhile noth[...]

came in sight of this river about ten miles above its mou[...]ndians came dashing from coulies on each side and in front.
They saw at once that all they had to hope[...]raising his
head to take aim at an Indian was hit in the forehead by a bullet and instantly killed.[...]and Sweeney were wounded. The Sioux lost thirteen in dead and
wounded. Sweeney died eighteen days late[...]liams, the latter of whom
was at one time a miner in Confederate gulch. A party of three men had been[...]mos Elliott and Jack Hayes were killed by Indians in 1878. John Wauham and Gus
Cottle, two cattle men, were butchered in August, 1878, near the south fork of Sun river.[...]llowing list of assaults by the
Indians is taken. In almost every case an Indian warrior paid a life f[...]btain the names or number of the savages who fell in those assaults: William Berry,
killed by Bloods, on Elbow river, in 1874; Joe Munroe, killed by Bloods, on Old Man's
river, in 1874; Miller, killed by Bloods, on Old Man's river, in 1872; McMullen, wounded
by Assiniboines, near Cow river, in 187-; two unknown men, killed by Assiniboines, near
Milk river, in 1874-the bodies were found tied to trees and filled with bullet holes; Ed.
Grace, killed by Assiniboines, in 1873; a party of men, women and children, killed by
Bloods, near Porcupine mountains, in 1865; a soldier, name unknown, killed by Piegans,[...]and Mitchell, killed by Piegans, on Badger creek, in 1875; Joe
Day and Howard, killed by Piegens, near[...]ne man, name unknown, found dead near the Marias,
in 1875; Jack Gorman and Frank Keissee, killed by Assiniboines, in 1875: Frank Robinson,
killed by Gros Ventres, near Cow creek, in 1877; Joseph Spearson, killed by Bloods, on
Belly river, in 1870; Nelson Kyse, George Huber, and one man, nam[...]Harris,
killed by Assiniboines, ·on Milk river, in 1867; one soldier, killed by Piegans, at Camp
Cook, in the spring of 1867; Bozell A. Bair, wounded by Piegans, on Eagle creek, in 1867;
Paul Vermet, killed by Indians on, the Teton river, in 1866, Champion, killed by Arrap-
hoes, at Fort Hawley, in 1867; Malcom Clark, killed by Piegans, in 1869; Charles Carson,
killed by Piegans, on Dearborn river, in 1866; Jennie Smith, scalped alive by Sioux, at
mouth of Muscleshell river, in 1869-the unfortunate woman recovered and is still[...]lled by Sioux, at the mouth of Muscleshell river, in 1869; MqGregor, Taber
and two other men, names un[...]ed, and one man wounded by Sioux, near Fort
Peck, in 1868; Ross and McKnight, killed by Sioux, at mouth of Muscleshell river, in 1871;
Nat Crabtree, killed by PieD'ans, near Camp Cook, in 1868; old man Lee, killed, and
Charley Willams and Drew Denton, wounded by Sioux, near Carroll, in 1870; McArdle
and comrade, killed by Crows, near Benton, 1869; Tom Ross, killed by Sioux, near Fort
Peck, in 1873; Michael Thebo, killed by Piegans, on the Teton, in 1868; James Quail, killed
by Piegans, near Silver creek, in 1869; one man, name unknown, killed by Piegans, on Sun
river, 1868; Clark, killed by Piegans, on Sun river, in 1868; Dauphant, killed by Sioux,
near the mouth of Milk river, in 1865; Charley Desronin, killed by Indians, near the Bear
Paw, in 1870; Little Frenchie, killed by Assiniboines, on Milk river, in 1869; one man,
herder for Carroll and Steele, name unknown, killed by Indians, on Milk river, in 1869;
Sam Rax, killed by Bloods, on Eagle creek, in 1869; Jim Matkins, wounded by Piegans,

near Benton, in 1868; old man Long, Foster and Jurden, killed by[...]Sioux, on the Missouri river, above Fort
Peck, in 1868-see history; two men names unknown, killed by Sioux, at mouth of Muscle-
shell, in 1868; four men, names unknown, killed by Sioux, at mouth of Muscleshell, in
1873; George Horn, killed by Assiniboines, on Cow creek, in 1874; Bill Morrison and John
Hughes, killed by River Crows on Arrow creek, in 1877; Antelope Charley and Cook,
killed by Piegans mouth of Eagle creek, in 1873; Little Rock, killed by Sioux, on Judith
mountain, in . 1874; one man, name unknown, killed by Piegans, on Warm Spring creek,
near the Judith river, in 1874; Buckshot and Poulett, killed by Assiniboines, at Rocky
Spring, in 1871. The following named citizens were killed by Nez Perces, in the months
of September and October, 1877: Edwar[...]ry.) J olm Lynch
and J obn Myers, found murdered in their cabin near Beartown; killed by a ban[...]

In March, 1884, Swansy Tollifero, a cowboy, fired at[...]im, burned
his employer's (M. J. Anderson) house. In May, 1884, the Indians concerned were brought
to[...]place: "Black Wolf heard the verdict
of acquittal in silence, and, turning to his brother, Howling Wol[...]ine Indians was called,
and four of thei:_n ~rose in co~rt and said that they_ were the guilty C?nes,[...]four of them sentenced to imprisonment. One died in prison, while
the remaining three Cheyennes were pardoned in May, 1885.
In reviewing this chapter on Indian wars- the end of barbarism in the Northwest-one
cannot fail to notice the pecul[...]ians, as a general rule, desired to escape coming in contact with the troops
or volunteer soldiers of[...]senses of the savages are reduced to a
condition in which they can see their helplessness plainly, it[...]orthwest Fur Co., and Andrew
McDermott, are given in connection with the fur trade in Montana, Idaho and the Saskat-
chewan country. In 1823 trader Anderson was .killed by Piegans in the battle of Hell's
Gate, near the site of Misso[...]ontana, with a small party came to the Territory, in which he
has made his home ever since (vide Biogra_phy).
In 1847, the Hudson's Bay Company established a trad[...]his county, was probably the first officer placed in charge of
the new post, if we except the traders of 1823-26.
In 1849, Major John Owen started from St. Joe, Misso[...]nment Loring until the troops resumed their march in the spring
of 1850, when he relinquished his sutl[...]th the emigrants bound for California and Oregon. In the fall of 1850 he came

In 1844, Kipp & Co. settled at the mouth of the Marias river, and in 1845 moved clown
the Missouri and erected Fort Chadron, opposite the mouth of the Judith river.
In 1846, Major Culbertson erected Fort Benton by ord[...]Pien·e Choteau, Jr., & Co. sold their interests in the American Fur Company, in 1864,
to a company named the Northwest Fur Company. In 1865 this passed out of the cata-
logue of North[...]of the War Office under
Belknap are referred to in the sketch of Fort Buford.
Andrew Dawson, af[...]early date, where he obtained a position as clerk in the employ of the
American Fur Company. In this position he labored at Fort Pierre and again[...]nto the management of Pierre Choteau, Jr., & Co., in-
cluding Major Culbertson, James Kipp, Peacott, .[...]ss invalid for years previous to bis death, which in a manner
accounts for his extreme filth. He retur[...]throughout
the territory, notices of which appear in the history of the counties.
Fort Pease, on t[...]r on the old trading posts, which was pub-
lished in the Historical Society's volume for 1876. The soc[...]ssouri river, above the mouth of the Yellowstone. In the summer
of 1829, Kenneth McKenzie, a trader fr[...]hundred feet square, of logs about twelve inches in diameter and twelve feet long, set perpendicularly, putting the
lower end two feet in the ground, with two block-house bastions on diag[...]with a small gate, three
and a half by five feet, in one of the leaves of the main gate, which was the[...]ly opened occasionally when there were no Indians in the vicinity of the fort. The houses, ware[...]

Commissariat Department in October, 1869, when it was used as the storehouse[...]earned that this military reserve was three miles in length by one mile in wiclth, all prairie,
save the river valley, wit[...]eight miles distant
on the same road. The wells in Benton City are of varied quality, some as pure a[...]aline and nauseous.
The highest temperature in the shade was 104 degrees F., in the sun 139 degrees F.; the
lowest temperture,[...]n
June 3 the thermometer registered 130 degrees in the sun. Winds prevail from the east
and south,[...]s.
Camp Betker (Camp Logan) was established in. November, 1869, for the protection of
miners in Diamond Oity and neighborhood. The same year a re[...]ed to build a new
fort. The Old Camp is situated in latitude 47 degrees, longitude 111 west at a heig[...]ed to Camp Logan, and
again abandoned. The rocks in the vicinity comprise granite, lim estone and sye[...]ssoula was selected by Lieutenant
.A.. 0. Worden in July, 1876, and the following year the post was e[...]garrison. The fort is 3,375 feet above sea level, in latitude 46 deg. 50 min. north and
longitude 37[...]s built to supply the place of a fort dismantled
in 1875-6, and to prove to the Indians, as it were, that Uncle Sam in his military
relation to them is the most extrav[...]ning
ability known to them. The post was erected in 1877 by Brevet Major General
Nelson A. Miles, an[...]he appearance of a large
village, and is complete in all the requirements of a center of population. T[...]of the
most northern of three trees growing there in a cluster; thence 12 deg. 32 min. 30 sec.[...]

The parade ground is 2,000 feet in length and 400 feet wide. The length of the octan[...]andsome residence of R. L. McCuJloh do not appear in the cut, being just
behind the point from whi[...]ory; the other for the enlisted
men, and held in the evening. The school rooms in the chapel building are large and at-
tractiv[...]nfantry, with Post Chaplain S. G. Dodd as officer in charge .
The post readmg room is a worthy adj[...]the
post. A forty-horse power engine is used in raising the water to the reservoir, and the
s[...]value
inestimable. Engineer E. T. Marston is in charge. A post garden of fifty-two acres can[...]e miles square. Fort Maginnis
was established in July, 1880, by Captain Dangerfield Park, in oommand of two companies of
the 3d infantry.[...]e fort is due to Congressman Martin Maginnis, and in his honor the fort
was named. The Granville S[...]tion, where supplies for Fort Custer were landed. In the history of
Montana's counties, references[...]NING •
•

IN the whole range of human industry there is not[...]created such sudden wealth as that of gold-mining in
America. The slightest whisper of a discovery[...]mining camp and the creation of a new settlement. In the stampede which followed a
new find most e[...]terprise were
afforded. The history of mining in Montana is full of incidents which suggest the idea that
these golden deposits were placed in the heart of her great mountains by an inscrutabl[...]is description group together
are men skilled in the ways of progress and ready to seize upon the[...]p their fellows, and next to build up the country in which
their destiny placed them and wh[...]

represented in a National Democratic Convention. So new was the_[...]ere added by
consent of the whole convention.
In the foregoing sketch of the organic and political[...]cal matt~r and remm~scences
are <riven very fully in the chapters devoted to that important part of th[...]:Montana, to
succeed Governor Carpenter, was made in July, 1885.[...]vival of the Committee of Safety was as necessary in the early days of :Montana's
settlement,[...]by
degrees toward that life of shame which ended in their execution. The fault with our own
times consists in men knowing so much. The murderer, the seducer, t[...]the justice-giving power? Scarcely a day passes
in the Old States without a failure of the law to accord Justice. Even in this Territory,
where the great lessons taught b[...]al, while the specious promises of officials hold in check the
salutary call of the Secret Tribunal. W[...]ence,
all laws, both human and Divine, were held in derision by a large number of the inhabit-
ants o[...]called. Another large
number who labored honestly in placer or quartz diggings for a stated time, and then •
rushed to the nearest village to indulge in wild pleasures, were creatures of extremes. So
lo[...]d thus the
compiler is forced to leave the reader in possession of just so much information on this po[...]ich have already been credited with participation in
the action of the Vigilantes, and therefore they must be given in this greater record. The
roll of honor is[...]

Banefield received a wound in Skinner's saloon which
caused his death.[...]ce. The recent wholesale hanging of horse thieves in eastern Montana is
referred to at the close of the chapter.
A Notice to Bad Jl,fen, 1865.-In the fall of 1865, at a time when the territory wa[...]he criminals
who flocked into the mining centers. In this emergency the citizens declared their inten-
tions to aid the cause of order in the following significant manifesto :
To all[...]<ummary punishment upon any
and ull rnal, factors in any case where the civil authoritir-s are unable[...]aw. The
practice of drawing deadly weapons except in case of last resort for the defense of life being dangerous to society
and in many instances leading to affrays and bloodshed,[...]This notice will not be repealed, but will
remain in full force and efiect from this date.[...]CTTTEE.
8eptember 19, 1865.
E x_pulsion.-In July, 1862, an old Frenchman stole horses and toher property from
settlers in the neighborhood of Gold creek. He was pursued by[...], and was captured near the site of Fergus' ranch in Prickly Pear creek. His captors
returned him to t[...]mateur
horse thief could not observe the sentence in bis destitute condition; so the court subscribed[...]ad :five or six good horses; but very little
else in the shape of an outfit. Two of them were desperat[...]hot guns and revolvers, slipped quietly
into town in the dusk of the evening, and meeting James Stuart[...]t they were, stated that they (Fox
and Bull) were in pursuit of them for stealing the horses on which[...]y, and requested the co-operation of the citizens in arresting them. James
assured them that they shou[...]began to
look for their men. They found Spillman in Worden & Oo.'s store, and bringing their shot
gun[...]r the other two, who had just opened a monte game in
a saloon. They stepped inside the door and[...]

possible in their arms, and letting him fall suddenly. He die[...], at Bannack, January 11, 1864, was a scene quite in keeping with the
character of this desperado. Ge[...]y
wounded, and Smith Ball, also a member, wounded in the hip by the criminal's fire. In
the or<l.er of justice the murder of one and the[...]peared
to be necessary to draw forth full justice in Pizanthia's case. Such was the effect,-hang-
ing[...]anthia, and to see precisely how his record stood in the Territory. Outside of it it was
known that he[...]s. A party started for his cabin, which was built in a side-hill. The interior
looked darker than usua[...]through the breast. Smith Ball received a bullet in the hip. They both staggered out,
each ejaculatin[...]A party whose military experience was still fresh in their memory made a rush,
at the double-quick, fo[...]ent, the fuse was left uncut, and, being
torn out in its passage through the logs, the missile never e[...]. Thinking that Pizanthia might have taken refuge in the chimney, the
howitzer was pointed for it and[...]called for volunteers to follow him. Nevada cast in her lot first,
and men from the crowd joined. The[...]n from the effects of the fusillade; but, peeping in, they could see nothing until a
sharp eye noticed[...]o the ground by the maddened people, and was then in a
bright glow of flame. A proposition to b[...]

tore it in pieces, and in a moment was master of the situation. Later he pr[...]rs' committee from Nevada, came on the scene, and in the face of
every entrnaty and opposition hanged[...]E xecution ef (J/11; Indi(J/11;, April, 1864.-In April, 1864, the citizens of Hell's Gate sup-
pres.;;ed, in a summary way, what threatened to be a serious Indian outbreak. In the fall
of 1863, a young Pen d'Oreille Indian killed a man named Ward, in the Hell's Gate canon,
near the place where Baker's station is now located. In the spring of 1864 this same
Indian, having been[...]a very disreputable character
called Jem Kelley. In June, 1864, a man named Murphy entered the saloon[...]shot, be fled to Virginia, and was there captured in the Beaver Head saloon,
where John How & Co's sto[...]morning he was brought before the
committee, then in session in Adelphi ball, Nevada City, and there sentenced to[...]r the robbery of the Virginia and Salt Lake
coach in July, 1864, a party of Vigilantes left Nevada on[...]Morrisites' settlement at Meek and Gibson's ferry in Fort Hall
Bottom. Here they learned that Kelley h[...]partner of the men who robbed Hughes, a fassenger in the coach.
From this point be traveled onward, un[...]Kelley,
tried him, and banged him at Snake river in presence of Californians and Shoshone Indians,
th[...]the worst criminals who survived Plummer's gang. In August, 1864, a sum of $700 was
stolen from Brady[...]racter was more of a drunken than a heavy
villain in the drama of Montana's settlement. In the winter of 1863-4, startled at the fate[...]

F ROM the earlief:t period in the history of world the advocate has existed and[...]s and flowing fees." The advances made by society in after years fostered certain
ambitions, and among[...]w. It
became a great never-ending study, and thus in J obnson's time the bar embraced[...]

The names of lawyers admitted in January and February, 1884, are as follows: Geo.[...]f Montana since February
8, 1884, are referred to in local history. Cornelius Hedges is the reporter o[...]a Terri-
tory. He was succeeded by Isaac R. Alden in January, 1870. Mr. Alden was one of the
first justices at Aldt3r Gulch in 1864, and now holds the position of Clerk of the[...]ointed deputy clerk of the third judicial circuit in 1868, and clerk of that
district in December, 1871. This position he held until his d[...]zing a Territorial Bar Association was brought up in the fall of 1884, and
a meeting to organize held at Helena, in January, 1885. ( Vide chapter on societies.)[...]y Journal, devoted to a review of mmmg
interests. In politics it was decidedly republican, and in its dealings with general news,
anti-national in spirit. During the political contest of October,[...]e was succeeded by H. N. Maguire and H. N. Blake. In December, 1866,
Captain Mills took editorial charge, with Tilton & Dittes, proprietors. In 1868 Georg_er M.
Pinney purchased this paper, mov[...]ontana D emocrat, a weekly newspaper, was founded in November, 1865, at Vir-
ginia City, by John P. Br[...], as successor of the Post, suspended publication in October, 1869, and the office was
o:ffered for sa[...]·
The .Montana Capital Times was issued in October, 1869, immediately following the sus-
pen[...]The .Montanian was published . at Virginia City, in 1S70, by Fred Cope, and continued
publica[...]

pioneer daily of the territory. In the absence of the founder of the paper Colonel J[...]ths of 1866-7. Colonel Fisk withdrawing to embark in mining·
ventures, Charles R. Stuart, an accompl[...]capped by a heavy debt, soon stepped to the
front in Montana journalism; its circulation was largely i[...]isk became jointly associated with Robert E. Fisk in the proprietorship of the
paper, and for a period[...]s the largest and best
appointed publishing house in Montana. The building has a street frontage of fo[...]of the strongest and
sprightliest of the journals in the Northwest. With its writing staff is connecte[...]er 12, 1867. John H. Rodgers purchased the
office in 1868, and conducted the Independent until May 3,[...]0, when Addison
Smith purchased a third interest. In April, 1871, Hugh McQuaid purchased Mr. Kerley's[...]tion, with Prof. G. C. Swallow, assistant editor. In April, 1884, Homer M. and L.
K. Hill, Ohio printe[...]aiming
"a larger circulation than any other daily in Montana,'' was published by Allen & Travis.
For t[...]e sole proprietor and editor January 1, 1876, and in February of that year the N ews
expired.[...]

in favor from the .first issue, and is now recognized as the leading paper of Northern Mon-
tana. In June, 1881, the interest of H. 0. Williams was purchased by Jerry Collins, and in
the August following Collins & Stevens bought out[...]ded additions to the job department. The increase in the
advertising patronage and the strong desire o[...]g half of the stock and
being retained as editors in charge. Heretofore the paper had been independent in politics,
but the organization of the stock compa[...]ts circulation is large. The paper is independent in all things, and
is valuable for its columns devot[...]t Sun River, Lewis and Clarke county, vrns issued in
February, 1884. It was a 28-column sheet, publish[...]ver
Sun, printed on white satin. It cost him $75. In April, 1885, the office was moved to
Great Falls.[...]The Jf{/ferson County Enterprise, established in June, 1885. Is a six-column folio, edited
by Plat[...]es the most ex-
tensive and richest mineral belts in the Territory, and if one point of a colossal com[...]t such a circle
would inclose more mineral wealth in gold, silver, copper and lead than any other section
of the same area in the known world. We need capital to develop this[...]tside world to the promising field for investment in our mines." It is not a party news-
paper.
The Daily Town-Talk was established at Butte, in June, 1885, with Harry Rivers, mana-
ger. In politics the Town-Talk is independent. The[...]

arrival in St. Louis they fell sick, called for the priest a[...]wed the road along a mountain, a preacher who was in the
company told Ignace: "What is the use of goin[...]nd the five separated from the caravan. They
fell in with a war party of Sioux, who asked who were the[...]nues, "a third deputation of Indians have arrived in St. Louis (1839), after a voyage
of three months.[...]to-day they approached the holy table at my mass in the cathedral church. Afterward I administered
them the sacrament of confirmation, and in an allocution delivered after the ceremony, I rej[...]er that the honor of the Christian apostle-
ship in the Rocky mountains, as well as of that on the shores of the Pacific, belongs pri-
marily to the Church in Canada, whence the germ of the faith was carried[...]among the benighted children of the forest. But in what manner was this accomplished?
Let us regist[...]dition of Captain Hunt, which started from Canada in 1811, in
quest of furs, had great hardships to endure, and loss of men to suffer by desertion in 1812;
of the number were twenty-four Iroquois, w[...]t. Paul called by the Macedonians, left St. Louis in the spring of 1840 and commenced his
apostleship[...]d by the Bishop of St. Louis,
who were successful in securing the services of the apostle of the Rocky[...]ierre Gaucher). They met Father
De Smet somewhere in Kansas. He went with them to St. Louis. The fathe[...]rading place
(rendezvous), a spot on Green river, in Wyoming, where the different traders and I[...]

in Montana. The fourth meeting of the Montana Missio[...]e being elected secretary. Sixteen preachers were in attendance. Five districts were
formed and four[...]onal churches of Montana was
held at Livingstone in May, 1885. Four years ago this denomination had no church in the
territory; to-day it has six that stand monum[...](none of the ministers of this society have been in the territory
two years) thirty-six members and r[...]members and has built one of the
finest edifices in the far northwest. Rev. S. A. Wallace, of Billing[...]the interior of the church, and reports progress in general. Rev.
Mr. Pamment, of Glendive, reported encouraging progress in all departments. The interior
of the fine church,[...]This society was introduced ir1;to _the territory_in 1863,
at v irgrnia City, and subsequently at Hele[...]al
History.
The Baptist church is represented in the territory by about 200 members and three
ministers. In 1882- 3 church buildings were erected by this society at Butte and Helena,
while missions were established in many other places.-( Vide Local History.)
The[...]Saints of the Most High, Quakers, Buddhists, and, in fact, repre-
sentatives of every system of worship, are found in Montana.[...]ls of St. Mary and St. Ignatius were
established in Montana and continued to afford all the facilities for education to be found in the
Rocky mountain region. In 1863, when the mining interests gave token of per[...]ols were instituted at Bannack and Virginia City. In 1864 the common school system
was instituted. The school clause in the organic act provided, "That when the lands in
said territory shall be surveyed, under the direc[...]market, sect10ns numbered sixteen and thirty-six in
each township in said territory shall be reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools,
and in the states and territories hereafter to be erecte[...]pplemented by the first Territorial Legis-
lature in the act approved February 7, 1865, providing for[...]e than half the children of school age
enumerated in the census returns. In 1867-8 the first true census of children w[...]